An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine A heat engine is a physical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. The mechanical output is called work, and the thermal energy input is called heat. Heat engines typically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines can be open to the atmospheric air or sealed and closed off to the outside where an (internal) working fluid A fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine Engines come in many types, a common type is a heat engine such as an internal combustion engine which typically burns a fuel with air and uses the hot gases for generating power. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate motion via a separate working fluid wall or a heat exchanger A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix, or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural. The fluid A fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism A mechanism is some technical aspect of a larger process or mechanical device, or combination of parts designed to perform a particular function. Sometimes an entire machine may be referred to as a mechanism. Examples are the steering mechanism in a car, or the winding mechanism of a wristwatch. When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, of the engine produces motion and usable work In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI units of joules. The term work was first coined in 1826 by the French mathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis.[1] The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly) dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine).

"Combustion Combustion or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds in the gas, liquid or" refers to burning Combustion or burning is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds in the gas, liquid or fuel Fuel is any material that can be used to generate energy to produce mechanical work in a controlled manner. The processes used to convert fuel into energy include chemical reactions, such as combustion, and nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as metabolism with an oxidizer In the above equation, the iron has an oxidation number of 0 before and 3+ after the reaction. For oxygen (O) the oxidation number began as 0 and decreased to 2−. These changes can be viewed as two "half-reactions" that occur concurrently:, to supply the heat. Engines of similar (or even identical) configuration and operation may use a supply of heat from other sources such as nuclear, solar, geothermal or exothermic reactions not involving combustion; but are not then strictly classed as external combustion engines, but as external thermal engines.

The working fluid can be a gas Gas is one of four classical states of matter. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point , boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms as in a Stirling engine A Stirling engine is a heat engine operating by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas, the working fluid, at different temperature levels such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work, or steam Steam is either mist , or the gas phase of water (water vapor) as in a steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The fluid can be of any composition; gas Gas is one of four classical states of matter. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point , boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms is by far the most common, although even single-phase liquid Liquid is one of the three classical states of matter. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container, but, like a solid, it resists compression. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, is sometimes used. In the case of the steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid, or the Organic Rankine Cycle the fluid changes phases In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space , throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and ( between liquid and gas.

Research, development and innovation

A Spanish engineer has patented the design of a cold external combustion engine, which he claims can be cleaner, more powerful and with higher fuel economy than the current Internal Combustion engines. The engine has been developed by Alba Montecristo based in Daimiel (Ciudad Real Ciudad Real is a city in Castile-La Mancha, Spain with a population of 73,124. It is the capital of the province of Ciudad Real. It has a stop on the AVE high-speed rail line and has begun to grow as a long-distance commuter suburb of Madrid. A high capacity airport (Ciudad Real Central Airport) has been built to serve the city, it is now open, Spain Spain (pronounced /ˈspeɪn/ spayn; Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for) and Air Car Factories [2], and will be used as an external accessory to power conventional engines. The engine does not need any oil for operation, but uses a new solid-liquid fuel, which the maker claims costs much less than oil. It can also use compressed air Compressed air is air which is kept under a certain pressure, usually greater than that of the atmosphere. In Europe 10 % of all electricity used by industry is used to produce compressed air. This amounts to 80 terawatt hours per year.[3] A fully functional prototype is expected by 2011.[4][5]

See also

References

  1. ^ external combustion - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  2. ^ http://www.aircarfactories.com/
  3. ^ http://es.noticias.yahoo.com/5/20081127/tlc-laboratorios-alba-montecristo-hacen-606d91a.html
  4. ^ http://www.automotto.org/entry/spanish-engineer-patents-cleaner-and-powerful-engine/
  5. ^ http://vehiculosverdes.com/recortes-de-prensa/prensa-aparecida-sobre-el-motor-frio/gmx-niv22-con216.htm
Thermodynamic cycles A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes transferring heat and work, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state. State Properties depend only on the thermodynamic state and cumulative variation of such properties add up to zero. Path Quantities, such as
Cycles normally with external combustion An external combustion engine is a heat engine where an (internal) working fluid is heated by combustion of an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine produces motion and usable work. The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less
Gas Gas is one of four classical states of matter. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point , boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms cycles without phasechange In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space , throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and ( - hot air engine cycles Bell Coleman cycle · Brayton/Joule cycle The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of the gas turbine engine, basis of the jet engine and others. It is named after George Brayton , the American engineer who developed it, although it was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber in 1791. It is also sometimes known as the Joule cycle. The; (Externally heated) · Carnot cycle The Carnot cycle is a particular thermodynamic cycle proposed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded by Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron in the 1830s and 40s. It is the most efficient existing cycle capable of converting a given amount of thermal energy into work or, conversely, creating a temperature difference by doing a given amount · Ericsson cycle · Ported constant volume cycle [1] · Stirling cycle A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas, the working fluid, at different temperature levels such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work · Pseudo Stirling cycle (same as Adiabatic Stirling cycle) · Stoddard cycle Elliott J. Stoddard invented and patented two versions of the Stoddard engine, the first in 1919 and the second in 1933. The general engine classification is an external combustion engine with valves and single-phase gaseous working fluid . The internal working fluid was originally air, although in modern versions, other gases such as helium or · Vuilleumier cycle
Cycles with phasechange In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space , throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, and chemical composition. A simple description is that a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and ( Kalina cycle · Rankine cycle The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid. This cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after (encompasses Organic Rankine Cycle) · Regenerative cycle · Two phased Stirling cycle [2]
Cycles normally with internal combustion The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine, such as the Atkinson cycle The Atkinson cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density and is beginning to see use in modern hybrid electric applications · Brayton/Joule cycle The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of the gas turbine engine, basis of the jet engine and others. It is named after George Brayton , the American engineer who developed it, although it was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber in 1791. It is also sometimes known as the Joule cycle. The · Diesel cycle The Diesel cycle is the thermodynamic cycle which approximates the pressure and volume of the combustion chamber of the Diesel engine, invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. It is assumed to have constant pressure during the first part of the "combustion" phase , v2 to v3 in the diagram. This is mostly a mathematical model: real physical · Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition · Lenoir cycle · Miller cycle · Otto cycle Today, internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, aircraft, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion , and exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per working cycle of the gasoline engine and diesel engine
Cycle mixing Combined cycle A combined cycle is characteristic of a power producing engine or plant that employs more than one thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates . The remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles, such as the Brayton · HEHC cycle · Mixed/Dual Cycle Dual Combustion Cycle is a thermal cycle that is a combination of the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle. Heat is added partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure, the advantage of which is that more time is available for the fuel to completely combust. Because of lagging characteristics of fuel this cycle is invariably used for diesel
Not categorized Claude cycle [3] · Claude dual-pressure cycle · Fickett-Jacobs cycle · Gifford-McMahon cycle [4] · Hirn cycle · Humphrey cycle · Siemens cycle · Hampson-Linde cycle The Hampson-Linde cycle is based on the Joule-Thomson effect and is used in the liquefaction of gases. W. Hampson and Carl von Linde independently filed for patent of the cycle in 1895 · Linde dual-pressure cycle · Heylandt cycle · Kleemenko cycle

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